Indonesia’s Economic Growth and Power-Sector Emissions: Development Outpacing Decarbonization

Authors

  • Tessa Angelis Thompson Rivers University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29173/bcelnfe724

Keywords:

IPAT framework, Indonesia power sector emissions, emissions, Indonesia, carbon intensity, electricity generation, economic growth, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, renewable energy, energy transition

Author Biography

Tessa Angelis, Thompson Rivers University

Tessa Angelis is a Thompson Rivers University student pursuing her Master of Science in Environmental Economics. She holds a Bachelor of Business Administration and a Certificate in Corporate Sustainability, both completed with distinction at the Beedie School of Business at Simon Fraser University. Her professional experience in the British Columbia utility sector informs her research interests in environmental and energy economics. Inspired by the beautiful nature scenes of British Columbia, Tessa is passionate about conservation and sustainable development.

References

Climate Action Tracker. (2024, December 10). Indonesia https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/indonesia/

Diyono, D., Cappon, H., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., & Keesman, K. J. (2023). Designing Sustainable Domestic Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Mixes: Application to Java and Bali, Indonesia. Energies, 16(22), 7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227461

Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth. Science, 171(3977), 1212–1217.

Holdren, J. P. (1993, September 7). A Brief History of “IPAT” (Impact= Population x Affluence x Technology). MAHB; Stanford University. https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/a-brief-history-of-ipat-impact-population-x-affluence-x-technology/

International Energy Agency. (n.d.). Indonesia - Countries & Regions. IEA. Retrieved September 24, 2025, from https://www.iea.org/countries/indonesia/emissions

Setiawan, A., Mardha Mentari, D., Firmansyah Hakam, D., & Saraswani, R. (2025). From Climate Risks to Resilient Energy Systems: Addressing the Implications of Climate Change on Indonesia’s Energy Policy. Energies, 18(9), 2389–2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092389

Statista. (2025, August 5). Twenty countries with the largest population in 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/262879/countries-with-the-largest-population/

World Bank. (n.d.-a). Indonesia Data. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia

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Published

2026-02-27

How to Cite

Angelis, T. (2026). Indonesia’s Economic Growth and Power-Sector Emissions: Development Outpacing Decarbonization . Future Earth: A Student Journal on Sustainability and Environment. https://doi.org/10.29173/bcelnfe724

Issue

2026: Special Issue: Ambition vs. Action — Growth, Emissions, and Climate Targets in the Paris Agreement Era

Section

Commentaries and Opinions

Categories

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