Canada’s Free-Rider Problem in Mitigating Climate Change

Authors

  • Ryleigh Adams Thompson Rivers University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29173/bcelnfe759

Keywords:

climate change mitigation, global public goods, free-rider problem, climate policy, greenhouse gas emissions, Canada, climate clubs, carbon intensity, industrial decarbonization

Author Biography

Ryleigh Adams, Thompson Rivers University

Ryleigh Adams is an undergraduate student pursuing a double major in Political Science and Economics at Thompson Rivers University, with a minor in Business Law. Her academic interests include environmental economics and international politics, with a focus on global governance, and the intersection of politics and economics in climate change mitigation. 

 

References

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Carattini, S., Levin, S., & Tavoni, A. (2019). Cooperation in the climate commons. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 13(2), 227247. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez009

Clausing, K. A., & Wolfram, C. (2023). Carbon border adjustments, climate clubs, and subsidy races when climate policies vary. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37(3), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.3.137

Climate Club. (2024). Climate Club 2024 annual report [PDF]. https://climate-club.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/2024-Annual-report-Final-31.01-docx.pdf.

Government of Canada. (2025). Global greenhouse gas emissions. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions.html

Government of Canada. (2024). Net-zero emissions by 2050. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/weather/climatechange/climate-plan/net-zero-emissions-2050.html

Murombedzi, J., & Chikozho, C. (2023). Westphalian sovereignty and the free-rider conundrum in the atmospheric commons: Examining global governance regimes for addressing climate change adaptation. International Journal of the Commons, 17(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1159

Nordhaus, W. (2015). Climate clubs: Overcoming free-riding in international climate policy. American Economic Review 105(4): 1339–70. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.15000001

Parenteau, P. (2023). The atmosphere as a global public good. University of St. Thomas Journal of Law and Public Policy (Minnesota), 16(1), 217–240. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4398470

Ritchie, H. & Roser, M. (2020). CO2 Emissions. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions

Ritchie, H., Roser, M., & Rosado, P. (2020) CO₂ and greenhouse gas emissions. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions.

United Nations. (2015). The Paris Agreement. Climate Action. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement

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Published

2026-03-17

How to Cite

Adams, R. (2026). Canada’s Free-Rider Problem in Mitigating Climate Change. Future Earth: A Student Journal on Sustainability and Environment. https://doi.org/10.29173/bcelnfe759